Abbasian, Saeid, Bosättningsmönster, eget företagande och integration : en studie av iraniernas integration i Göteborg. – Göteborg : Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet, 2000. – 124, 17 s. (ISBN : 91-86427-37-2). - Licentiatuppsats.
The main purpose of this licentiate thesis is to test the hypothesis, held by many Swedish politicians, that immigrant entrepreneurship is a successful strategy for the integration of immigrants (in this case Iranians) into Swedish society.
    The author’s own hypothesis is that the starting of own companies is not necessarily a good integration strategy for all Iranians who are outside the ordinary labour market. The secondary purpose is to describe and analyse residential patterns for persons with Iranian, Turkish, and Chilean origin in Gothenburg. These patterns are used as indicators for the degree of integration in society.
    The main questions of the thesis are as follows:
* What do housing patterns look like for persons of Iranian, Turkish and Chilean origin in Gothenburg in 1987 and in 1996 respectively?
* How have these patterns been changing over time?
* Are these groups of people more segre-gated or more integrated in 1996 than in 1987?
* Are there differences or similarities in patterns of housing between these groups?
* Is starting a small business activity a good strategy for the integration of immigrants into Swedish society?
* Can starting a small business activity help them to a quicker improvement of their housing career?
* Which factors are the most important in the choice of a house or housing area for Iranian entrepreneurs?
    Two empirical studies are done in this thesis in connection to purpose and questions. The first study is a case study on residential patterns for people with Iranian, Turkish and Chilean origin in Gothenburg during 1987 and 1996. The second study is an interview study concerning 28 Iranian entrepreneurs in Gothenburg.
    Results from the study on housing patterns indicate that persons of Iranian and Chilean origin show more integrated residential patterns than the Turkish group. Results from the second study show that Iranian entrepreneurs in Sweden start their own business due to unemployment and the lack of a suitable job.
    Their own interest in entrepreneurship does not stand out as an important motive. Entrepreneurship does not represent a good integration strategy for Iranians with other resources such as good educational creden-tials, work experience and good language abilities.
    They would instead prefer to be integrated in the ordinary labour market. In their case entrepreneurship does not imply any positive change of existing labour market segmentation and segregation, while entrepreneurship can be a viable strategy for persons with less qualifications and less chances of entering the labour market.

Bevelander, Pieter, Immigrant employment Integration and Structural Change in Sweden, 1970-1995. – Stockholm : Almqvist &Wiksell International, 2000. – 235 s.
Denna doktorsavhandling handlar om sysselsättnings-integrationen av manliga och kvinnliga invandrare i Sverige mellan 1970 och 1995.
    Första kapitlet inleds med en översikt av teorier och tidigare studier om invandrares sysselsättning. Utifrån denna formuleras ett antal hypoteser.
    Det andra kapitlet ger en översikt av den svenska migrationshistorien, invandrarnas karaktäristika samt den ekonomiska bakgrunden till den studerade perioden. Vidare diskuteras sysselsättningsbegreppet i den svenska statistiken mer ingående.
    Kapitel tre innehåller en analys av tvärsnittsdata och studerar utbildnings - och familjerelaterade variablers inverkan på invandrarnas sysselsättningsintegration åren 1970 och 1990.
    I det fjärde kapitlet görs en djupare studie av invandrares investering i “landspecifika kunskaper” och förhållande till det nya landet och dessa faktorers påverkan på sannolikheten att få arbete åren 1970 och 1990.
    Kapitel fem innehåller en longitudinell studie där effekten av strukturell förändring och utbildning på invandrarnas arbetsmarknadsinträde analyseras. Resultaten från den longitudinella studien jämförs med resultaten från tvärsnittsstudierna från kapitel tre och fyra.
    Slutligen, i kapitel sex, summeras resultaten. Resultaten från denna studie är att svårigheterna att få arbete har ökad med tiden för både manliga och kvinnliga invandrare. Svårigheten att få arbete kan inte enbart tillskrivas invandrarnas förändrade formella humankapital utan beror också på förändringar i ekonomin.
    Både konjunkturella svängningar och strukturella förändringar har haft negativa effekter på invandrarnas sysselsättningsintegration. Framförallt innebar de tekniska och organisatoriska förändringarna under andra hälften av 1980-talet och första hälften av 1990-talet, en större efterfråga på arbetskraft med relativt sett bredare allmän kompetens samt social kompetens.
    Löpande band, automatisering och specialisering blev mer och mer ersatta av platta organisationer med arbetsrotation och självstyrande arbetslag. Utan att förneka betydelsen av formell utbildning, kan man konstatera att betydelsen av informell kunskap har ökat. Med detta menas “kulturspecifik kompetens”, språkkunskaper, tyst kunskap, hur man arbetar i lag samt förståelse av hur olika arbetsmarknadsorga-nisationer fungerar. Det är också troligt att den större tonvikten på “landspecifika kunskaper” har lett till ökad förekomst av statistisk diskriminering.

Österberg, Torun, Economic perspectives on immigrants and intergenerational transmissions. – Göteborg : Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs Universitet, 2000. – 194 s. (Serie: Ekonomiska Studier : 102).
In this thesis immigrants’ performance on the labour market and intergenerational economic mobility are examined. The first paper investigates net contributions to the public sector budget in Sweden using large samples of foreign born and native born. The accounts build on various assumptions which include expenditures on public consumption being allocated according to the age of the person. The results indicate that during the period 1983 to 1992, net contributions of immigrants deteriorated.
    Upon arrival to Sweden, immigrants on average place a burden on the public sector budget but after a few years this no longer applies. Refugees initially put a greater burden on the public sector budget than other immigrants, but such a difference declines with years since immigration.
    The aim of the second paper is to investigate intergenerational income mobility in Sweden by means of a representative sample drawn from taxdata files. Longitudinal data on actual parent-child pairs spanning from 1978-1992 are employed.
    Regression and correlation coefficients are analyzed and transition matrices calculated in order to investigate income mobility over generations. The results achieved show high intergenerational income mobility in Sweden between fathers and sons in comparison to estimations performed in most other countries and more especially compared to the U.S. This indicates that Sweden does not only have lower cross-sectional income inequality, but also higher intergenerational income mobility than those countries. The mother’s earnings influence children’s earnings less than the father’s. However, the mother’s earnings correlate more strongly with a daughter’s earnings than they do with that of a son. The major indication of immobility across generations is found in the upper income deciles.
    The third paper explores whether ethnic externalities in the human capital accumula-tion and earnings formation for children with immigrant background exist, using data for Sweden. The results show few negative ethnic externalities in educational outcomes. Observed low educational levels among immigrant’s children seem instead mostly due to the low socioeconomic position of the parents. Some positive ethnic externalities in the educational choices are found however. There seems nevertheless to be strong negative ethnic externality in the earnings formation compared to natives for several categories of children with immi-grant backgrounds as they seem to be unem-ployed or out of the labour force to a greater extent.
    Intergenerational earnings mobility is estimated in paper 4 for individuals of different ethnic origin, second generation immigrants, those that arrived at a young age and foreign-born adopted individuals. A quantile regression approach is used to be able to detect where in the earnings distribution the mobility is higher or lower. Individuals with immigrant parents seem to have more difficulty in intergenerationally moving up in the earnings distribution and less difficulty in moving down compared to natives.
    Few indications of intergenerational assimilation for immigrants are found but several groups have experienced widening earnings differentials in comparison to natives.

Wahlbeck Östen, Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities. London: Macmillan, 1999.
(Thesis originally submitted in May 1997 to the University of Warwick for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted to the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations and the Department of Sociology)
This thesis describes the social organisation of Kurdish refugee communities and is a contribution to the theoretical discussion of the concept of diaspora. Field research methods were used in this comparative sociological study among Kurdish refugees from Turkey, Iraq and Iran, who live in exile in Finland and England.
The writer uses rich ethnographic material to describe the social organisation of the Kurdish refugee communities. The thesis introduces new arguments about, and suggests a rethinking of, the process of integration among refugees. In many different ways refugees living in exile have a continuous relation to their societies of origin. The thesis describes various transnational social relations and networks among the Kurdish refugees. It is argued that the Kurds in exile can be regarded as a= diaspora.
The concept of diaspora highlights the refugees’ continuous relation to their countries of origin. However, the transnational social networks and associations can also be important resources for the refugees in their new country of settlement. There is also reason to remember the importance of social structures and exclusionary policies in the country of settlement. The comparison of the two different countries of settlement shows that these structures and policies have a great impact on how the refugees will be integrated into the receiving society. It is argued that a study of refugee communities needs to take into account refugees’ relations to both the society of origin and the society of settlement. The writer emphasises that a diaspora can be understood as a transnational social organisation relating both to the country of origin and the country of settlement. Thus, it is argued that the concept of diaspora is a useful analytical tool for an understanding of the transnational social reality in which refugees live.